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Saturday, June 4, 2016

Peace Corps Nepal - Chapter 2: Getting There

Chapter 2: Getting There

Leaving the new teashop and crossing the main walking path, I took the smaller one that abruptly descended to the large playing field below.  The buildings of Tribuvhan High School were off to my left and before me, looming in the distance, were the snow-covered peak of Dhawalagiri. The larger, wider path continued toward the school’s parade ground in front of the two-story main building.  It was a wide, grassy area with an outline made of partially buried, flat fieldstones for a proposed new building.  No one ever spoke of it, but I suspected that the principal along with many of the well-to-do men of Balewa hoped to build the grand structure and immortalize their names.  Every morning, the students gathered on that field, stood in lines, pledged allegiance to their country’s triangular flag and prayed to their king. 
Carefully picking my way down the steep hill, I was soon below the three narrow, stepped terraced fields behind the school.  Before crossing the barren field I glanced around looking for any stray bulls roaming around that might give chase to me.  Only seeing a few grazing cows near the perimeter, I boldly stepped out and headed for the far side.  While crossing, I passed a remnant from yesterday’s mid-day rest period games: a pile of rocks.  I never saw anyone playing soccer on the school’s “soccer field,” but the boys would enthusiastically engage in a strange game that seemed similar to my childhood game of “King on the Mountain.”
The rules of the game were simple.  After choosing teams, one side constructed a precarious stack of stones in the middle of the field and then, surrounding the pile, picked up stones and prepared to defend their cairn.  Meanwhile, the other team fled to the field’s perimeters and plotted their attack.  Without warning, the attackers would race in from all sides throwing rocks at the defenders and the defended pile of stones trying to topple the flimsy structure.  The defending team countered the attack by throwing rocks at the incoming boys, attempting to create such a discouraging barrage of fire that the others would scurry out of range.  Often, defending students actually chased an attacker while throwing rock after rock at them.  Sometimes, a small team of attackers targeted a specific defender and ignored the stone mound.  Although it did not have the physical contact of “Kuvity-Kuvity,” it was a very dangerous game usually resulted in minor injuries and bloody wounds.  The few girls that attended the school disappeared during this time.
The cows, intent on eating, were still oblivious of my crossing as I reached the far side.   Pausing for a moment, I looked up toward the school.  Above it, the old teashop, bamboo thickets, rhododendron and dense forests hid the terraced, cultivated hillsides and steep rocky terrain beyond.  Before turning to the main road – just a wider, dirt walking path – toward the neighboring village far below, I looked around for any evidence of yesterday’s accident.
The mishap happened during our noonday break. I had gone to the old teashop above the school and was walking back down the main road when I saw a student hopping up the hillside and turn into the small alcove protecting the town’s spring. Quickening my pace and joined him in the niche protecting a communal spring.  He was sitting at the far end where an iron pipe protruded from the hillside.  From it, water continuously gushed, splashing onto a flat, stone-paved ground a few feet below and then draining down a ditch. Surrounding the flat surface was a low wall of stones that provided seating.  Every morning, after carrying water back to their homes to fill large clay jugs, the women would gather here to gossip, wash clothes and bathe.  The men bathed later in the day.  
Holding his right foot in the stream of water, turning it red with his blood, the student looked up at me in surprise.  He was from one of the more affluent families of the area and wore sandals, a luxury that many of the students displayed. The sandal he had removed was sitting on the floor nearby with a perfect hole through the center of its sole.  He spoke excitedly making it difficult to understand, but eventually I pieced together what had happened.  While playing one of their more violent games, he had stepped on a nail protruding from a piece of wood.  After his initial surprise and pain, he had stoically pulled the nail out and headed up the hill to wash.  He took his foot out of the streaming water and, taking a closer look, I saw an exit hole on the top of his dirty foot.  The nail had gone completely through. Using my “teacher” voice, I encouraged him to use soap to wash his foot and go to the Nepali Nurses stationed in Baglung – a four-hour walk to the north.  The only local help was from a long absent Medicine Man licensed to dispense drugs and a nearby Witch Doctor practicing spells and casting curses for the right price.
Today, seeing no evidence of the student’s incident, I turned and headed down the wide, dirt pathway. It was a familiar route, eventually going to the very edge of the gorge beyond the small Newari village below.  Once a month, I bought kerosene from a small military outpost at the lower end of the main street.  Nearby was a public clearing that locals used for major celebrations.  On my first foray to get fuel, I watched a curious “shadow puppet” performance with intricate, articulated cutouts of royalty acting out some historical event.  Farther down the hillside, a large, long plateau provided a landing area for small, four-passenger STOL (Short Takeoff and Landing) planes.  Every Thursday, a plane brought mail, packages and sometimes visitors. To head northward, I only trekked part way down and then turned left onto the “road” toward Baglung, which is the administrative headquarters of the Baglung District and of the Dhawalagiri Zone. For a short while, the roadway was level and I soon let my wandering thoughts drift back to Los Angeles and when I had left my family the day after Christmas.
At the airport, I joined the other twenty-three volunteers to begin our long trip to Nepal. Because of a recent rash of hijackings, there were stringent security measures in use.  At the boarding gate, every passenger had to pass through a metal detector.  Only after passing the detector without sounding an alarm was someone allowed down the long ramp and into the plane. When it was my turn, the detector beeped loudly. A security guard briefly detained me, asking me to step to one side where he searched me for weapons and asked me to empty my pockets. The only questionable item was my new penknife, a Christmas gift from my parents.  Both the guard and I thought that was the problem, so they asked me to walk through the detector again.  The cruel thing beeped again, and the guards had me remove my belt and try once more.  After a third time of raucous beeps, I took off my shoes and glasses.  When the gate beeped a fourth time, they patted me down again and used a “detection wand” over my entire body.  Although the gateway still beeped, the hand-held device could not find anything on or in me.  Eventually, the uniformed men around me gave a collective shrug, let me collect all my belongings and motioned me to board the plane.  Because of the delay, I was the last person to board the plane and had to sit in an aisle seat.  The 727 jetliner was soon high above the Pacific and we were on our way to our first stop - Hawaii.
That leg of our trip went quickly.  At first, we chatted about Christmas, our flying experiences, the expectations of the flight to and adventures in Nepal.  After a while, the chatter in the cabin quieted and we all settled into our own thoughts.  I silently considered my future and my fears. The pilot brought me out of my meditation sooner than I expected when he announced that we would soon be landing and suggested that we look out the right-side windows to see “The Island”.  I strained my neck to see past the person next to me and look out the small porthole.  Although there were clouds, I caught glimpses of greenery, flashes of white sand and dark blue water through the broken cloud cover.  Disappointed, I quickly gave up on my futile attempts to see details and shorelines.
Everyone was silent as the plane banked, turned and descended, making a smooth landing.  As we taxied off the runway, our pilot encouraged those of us continuing on to Guam to disembark and walk around in the waiting area of the gate.  Because we were going on to a foreign country, we could not leave those confines. Glad for a chance to stretch and walk the stiffness out of our legs, most of us left the plane.  There, standing in the isolation of our boarding gate, we watched grass-skirted island women enthusiastically greeting other passengers, draping garlands of fresh flowers around their necks when they exited into the main terminal. 
Our layover in Hawaii was brief, less than an hour, and before we had fully stretched our legs we were back on the plane.  We soon took off with considerably fewer passengers than before. This part of our trip was much longer: a tiring, nighttime flight to Guam. The air in the cabin quickly became stale, filling with the smell of people, perfumes and cigarette smoke.  The pilot dimmed the cabin lights, and with the constant roar of jets our senses deadened, time itself seemed to slow and stand still.  After many tedious, uncomfortable hours of struggling, the flight attendants finally demonstrated how to remove the armrests and turn a row of seats into a short, uncomfortable bed.  I was soon curling up on a makeshift divan, wrapped in a small airline blankets and my head resting on a tiny, soft, passenger’s pillow.
I was very tired, full of doubts, and both thirsty and hungry; but because it was an overnight flight, reading lights were discouraged and there were no snacks or drinks offered.  I tried to sleep, but slumber eluded me.  I spent the night gazing out the tiny portal at the blackness outside and listening to the sounds of sleep surrounding me.  My mind wandered from past memories to mental scenarios of Nepal that my imagination created.  In my musings, I pondered my relationship with my God, the uncertainty of my future and the direction of my life. Just when I become certain I was part of a “Twilight Zone” episode, we landed at a very dark airport.  There, the airport authorities allowed us to get off the plane for a few minutes to stretch our legs.  We wandered around a limited area on the hot tarmac. It was Guam’s summertime and, although the heat was oppressive, the air felt fresh and was free from the smells of stale cigarettes, people and plane.  In a few minutes, I was sweating and looking forward to climbing back into the plane’s nice, cool air-conditioning. Less than an hour later, we again boarded for the next leg of our journey: Hong Kong.
The plane landed at Hong Kong after more than twenty hours of uneventful tedium.  We needed fresh air that did not reek of bodies and cigarettes, craved enough space to move about freely and some time away from each other.  As soon as the plane landed and the doors opened, we fled the confines of the plane, dispersing ourselves throughout the terminal.  Some of us visited the many nearby souvenir shops and liquor stores while others headed toward restaurants and various food vendors.  Briefly stopping to breath in the fresh air, I set my sights on the venue of electronics.  During the long flight, I had an epiphany: I would need a radio wherever they assigned me.  With that in mind, I set off down the corridors of the terminal determined to purchase a radio to take to Nepal with me. Because our layover would once again be brief, I raced off as quickly as possible, finding a “duty-free” electronics store deep within the central concourse.  Drawing on the advice from some of the experienced Peace Corps Volunteers, I bought a shortwave radio.  It would keep me in touch with the news and happenings of the world.  The Panasonic®, three-band transistor radio cost thirty dollars and came with a stiff leather case, earphone, and external antennae jack.  It had always been a dream of mine.  I had coveted such a radio for years, and I was overjoyed to find one at so low-priced. Similar radios in the United States cost over a hundred dollars.  I raced back to the plane, clutching my prize tightly. Quickly, I stowed it under my seat just minutes before the plane’s door closed and we were soon on our way to Thailand.
Briefly interrupting my reminiscing, I negotiated around a sharp turn in the road.  Ahead and above me, I noticed the common sight of women toting heavy loads on their backs by supporting most of the weight with a strap across their foreheads.  Before coming to Nepal, I had never seen this way of carrying, but here, it was how men and women, including Sherpas, bore their burdens.  The women I saw brought to mind one of my lesser embarrassing moments.  In the mornings, before I had an outhouse built, I relieved myself behind the building where I lived.  One day, I turned around to face three women, burdened with huge bundles of wood, staring at me and giggling.  They smiled, and then turned and continued on their way.  Having gotten around the curve, I continued on my way and allowed my mind to continue its remembering. 
The sun crested over the eastern horizon as we finally landed at Bangkok.  After deplaning and retrieving our luggage, we gathered in the main area of the terminal with the Nepali trainers who were accompanying us.  There they told us that the final flight of our journey to Kathmandu, Nepal was not until late the next day.  Because of the delay, Pan American airlines had arranged for luxurious accommodations at a lavish hotel in the heart of the city.  After the trainers distributed meal vouchers, we left the terminal, struggling with our luggage and valuables, to the street outside where an ancient but well maintained bus waited for us.  The bus was a welcome change in transportation, and the trip into Bangkok was a comfortable relief.  On the way to the hotel, I was both tired and excited about the opportunity to get a good night’s sleep and exploring the city the next day.
Finally, after countless turns and maneuvers, the bus arrived at the hotel and we gratefully entered the opulent main lobby.  It was an expansive, high-ceilinged edifice with a massive, central stairway covered in red carpet that curved upward to the rooms above.  Across from the entrance, a grand restaurant offered expensive, western-style foods and greatly modified local cuisine served on linen covered tables with glistening, gold tableware.  After organizing us into small groups, keys were distributed.  There were four of us sharing a single room, and soon we each had our key and together we climbing the runner-covered marble stairs to the third floor.  When we reached the third floor and opened the door, the spacious suit pleasantly surprised us.  A spacious, strikingly gaudy main room greeted us with bedrooms off to the side. Deep red, fuzzy patterned textured wallpaper covered all the walls and the ceiling was a dull, matte grey. Across from the hallway entrance, glass-paned doors had decorative golden drapes festooned with red embroidery. The drapes were partially drawn and then tied back at their centers allowing the use of the doors that opened onto a small, wrought iron balcony overlooking the bustling and congested street below.  
Curious, I stepped out onto the balcony and, from its vantage point, I watched a man three stories below me enthusiastically swirl brown lumps of food in a broad, round pan held over a portable fire pit.  To finish his strange meal, he suddenly added noodle to the dish, briskly mixed it together and deftly dumped it all into a bowl.  After serving it to his customer, he quickly began working on another order.  All around him, the street was a chaotic bustling tangle.  I watched fascinated as lightly clad men steered rickety bikes through the crowds of colorfully dressed men and women while animated shoppers loudly haggled over a confusing array of fruits and vegetables.  The air was heavy with the smell of cooking combined with a sweet aroma of fruit and of hot spices that wafted up to me.  It was early morning and the streets were awakening, becoming alive and exciting with the life of Bangkok.
After stowing our luggage, the four of us, hungry from hours of tedious travel, went to the hotel’s first floor restaurant with the airline vouchers in hand. Sitting around a lavishly appointed table eating breakfast, we talked about our trip and planned for the day.  A mutual desire to explore the strange city of Bangkok quickly emerged and we decided to spend the day together as tourists visiting as many places as we could.  We would catch up on our sleep that evening.  As we stepped outside of the hotel keen to start on our adventure, we encountered a taxi with a driver anxious for customers and eager to show off his town.  He was a small, congenial man who spoke surprisingly excellent English.  We immediately hired him as our private tour guide for the day.  He was our key to the city and surrounding countryside and was overjoyed to spend the day showing it off while earning lots of money. Excitedly packing us into his smelly little car, he started our tour with a very long drive into the flat, fertile, farmland north of the city.  Although it was a narrow, dusty road, and we needed to roll all the windows down because of the heat and humidity, our trip was reasonably comfortable.  Along the way, we enthusiastically pointed out all the curious and unfamiliar things as our escort shouted descriptions and information over the roaring, rumbling road noises.
 My trek northward was familiar and I often mused about my experiences, but now I was coming to a resting area.  The low wall of stone, encircling a raised bed of dirt and a large tree, offered a comfortable place to sit down, shrug off my backpack, and sip some water.  Under the cool shade of the tree I could rest, enjoy the scenery, chat with anyone else there or just daydream. Large trees at the center of rest areas were usually Banyans – commonly called “Peepal trees.”  Some Hindus considered these trees holy: a place where worship did not need an idol.  To some, the trees actually host a goddess and are associated with “wish-fulfilling” and eternal life.  Many of the rest areas I encountered were cared for and, in the summer, had a dense, cooling canopy of green.  Some areas had dead or dying trees surrounded by uncared for and moss covered walls.  This was wintertime, the day before Christmas, and there were no leaves.  Still, it was nice to rest and continue my musings.
After the long drive with countless turns along a dusty, dirt road, our driver pulled into an area in front of a round, plain looking stone temple and parked near a simple doorway.  It took a few moments for us to realize how massive the structure really was.  After helping each of us climb out of his little car, our new friend solemnly ushered us inside. When our eyes finally adjusted to the dull walls and dimly lit shrine, we found ourselves in front of a monstrous, gold-covered, sixty-foot long reclining Buddha.  He was on his right side, his feet toward the door and head supported by his arm.  The holy place was immaculate, cool, dry and very silent.  The smallest noise reverberated off the curved walls and echoed throughout the chamber.  Awed by the sight, we spoke with hushed voices and moved with deliberate caution.  When we left, our driver told us that few visitors to Bangkok ever came to this temple, and that were truly blessed and lucky that he was our driver, guide and friend.
Bouncing and jostling our way back to the city with all the vehicle’s windows wide open, we speculated about what our guide would show us next. The cars jarring up-and-down combined with constantly accelerating, decelerating and swerving made it difficult for me to look at the other volunteers, so I stared out the window at all the wonders around us.  While in the country, we passed dozens of barren, rectangular fields separated by low earthen wall.  When we neared the city and buildings became numerous, we seemed to follow a busy waterway filled with long, narrow boats.  At one point, I saw a spacious, colorfully ornate temple populated with austere monks walking around in bright red robes.  Soon we were amid a jumble of stone buildings, wood shacks and a chaotic menagerie of street vendors and roaming animals.  It was in this cacophony of life that our new friend took us to a very small temple recess tucked below a nondescript building. Inside a deep alcove and behind a set of massive iron bars was a small, solid gold Sitting Buddha. Gazed in wonder at the glistening figure, we listened as our guide launched into a story of how, during the Second World War, the local monks saved the Gold Buddha from plundering Nazi invaders. They hid the figure by painting it to look like stone and then left it in full view.  The Germans, thinking it was just another stone idol, left it in place.  It was a true-life story like the “Purloined Letter” of Poe.
The rest of the afternoon was a blur of colors, crowded streets and smells ranging from marvelously seductive and pungent to nauseating sewer odors.  Returning us to our hotel in the early evening, our new friend suggested that we continue our explorations after freshening up and getting something to eat. He seemed willing, even eager, to wait for us.  It only took moments for us to look at each other and nod agreements. In less than an hour, we were riding off to sample Bangkok’s nightlife.  The city was a surprisingly dark, punctuated here-and-there with islands of bright, colorful lights.  Many of those lights came from questionable nightclubs that offered music, drink and anything else a person could desire. Looking at the unsavory clientele standing around the entrances of the more raucous nightclubs convinced us to stay safely in our little cab and continue our tour.  Exhausting the venue of larger clubs, the driver took us to an even seedier part of the town where everything imaginable was for sale.
We drove past an assortment of places and finally stopped at one brightly lit building far from the safety of our hotel. Inside a large display window were a dozen scantily clad young women sitting on a variety of mismatched chairs, stools and sofas.  A blazing sign above them, written in multiple languages, offered both full and specialized massages provided by your choice of server. Intrigued, we and quizzed the driver about expectations, safety and costs.  He earnestly assured us that the business specialized in pleasing Westerners, whom they called “monkey men” because of the extensive body hair compared to most Asians and local men who usually did not have chest hair.  After a brief discussion, we decided to investigate further. 
Once again, the driver had to help us out of his taxi and promised that he would wait.  Because I had spent most of what little money I had on my shortwave radio, I told my companions that I wanted to be last to select.  Each of the other men selected a “professional masseur” and the type of massage they wanted.  The list of services the masseurs offered included a variety of legitimate, and what I considered morally and ethically, acceptable choices.  Realizing that the others had selected the affordable, standard service of simple backrubs, I randomly pointed at one of the remaining women and selected the cheapest service.  After making payments, the selected women led each of us into the labyrinth of corridors and rooms behind the lobby.  
I found myself in a small, white room with a massage table, bathtub, sink and small table covered with an abundance of colored bottles and strange devices.  The woman with me did not speak any English and made her questions and directions well known through gestures and pointing.  After watching her repeat a series of gesticulations, I realized that she was offering additional “services” for cash.  Once she understood I was not interested, she looked at me with distain and then, pulling a curtain partway across the room, handed me a towel.  The session continued with her finishing the experience by walking on my back.  The privacy curtain was again pulled in place and I got dressed, my tired, aching muscles refreshed.  For the first time since leaving the United States, I felt relaxed.  The woman then led me back to the lobby.
When the others had all returned to the lobby, we went outside where our driver had, keeping his promise, waited. We carefully climbed back into his taxi and headed back to the hotel talking about our encounters.  The women had each offered additional service, once they were in the privacy of the massage rooms, for cash only.  Officially, the establishment denied that such extras existed, but demanded a share.  According to our driver, these businesses were legal and that there was fierce competition among them throughout Bangkok. Once we got back to the hotel and paid the driver, we quickly climbed the stairs and retired to our suite for a good night’s sleep before continuing our flight the next day.
Early the next morning we gathered in the hotel lobby, boarded the bus and headed to the airport.  The first leg of this part of our trip was to Calcutta where we transferred from a 747 jetliner to an old DC 10.  I felt that I had been plunged into the past by the look and feel of the comparatively small, propeller driven plane from long ago, but it safely flew us to Kathmandu, Nepal that afternoon.  Inside, sitting near the front of the plane and staring out a dirty little window, I watched as we flew above the changing terrain and circled to make our final approach to the cement landing strip below. Ahead of us, blanketed by thick green fields, was the large and broad valley of Kathmandu.  Within the city, a network of meandering roads and pathways interconnected the many jumbled clumps of brown-red buildings. On a majestically prominent hill just outside the city, a large, circular temple festooned with tall spires overlooking all the lands with grandeur. The hills surrounding the valley were forbidding guardians, cradling its sun-soaked beauty in silence.  Northward, the hills quickly soared into the massive, snow-covered block-mountains of the Himalayas.  Their white peaks, parading east and west, disappeared into the misty distance. Beyond the icy peaks was the fabled land of Tibet, hidden from view by the mountains and a thick ocean of clouds. Squinting at the mountaintops, I wondered which rocky sentinel was Mount Everest, known in Nepal as Sagamartha, “Earth’s Mother.”
Staring out the little window as the plane descended, I watched the city become a maze of dark, twisting streets and sprawling, dirt-colored buildings of every description ranging from small hovels of commoners to the monstrous edifices of powerful and wealthy families. I realized that many of the structures were like poorly designed townhouses.  Two to four storied adjoining buildings lining the larger roads, along with a confusing array of signs and pictures. At many roadway intersections, brightly colored temples acted as traffic circles. What I glimpsed as we neared touchdown, idols, small temples, and altars were scattered throughout the city. One place I spied near a very congested intersection was a huge, white mansion encircled by a high wall.  Within, wandering about a manicured yard filled with lush foliage, were strutting peacocks displaying their colorful plumage. Tucked between the squalor of the busy town were other mansions, each in startling contrast to the poverty outside.  As the plane finally touched down, I realized that just outside the little airport’s fence dozens of vendors were selling food, clothing, and everything else from tools to musical instruments. Around and engulfing them was a large, colorful crowd of men and women with slow moving trucks, cars, and bicycles passing by. Sacred cows were plodding through the dusty streets, and a brief glance down one narrow alley gave me my first sighting of the wild, mongrel dogs that roamed the city in search of food.
I felt pangs of doubt and fear well up within me as the plane finally bounced to a stop. It was an entirely alien world outside where the culture, traditions, and beliefs still baffled me. The bedlam I saw while landing made me wonder about our reception, but then I remembered a trainer telling us that, after years of internal stress and conflict, Nepal was welcoming outsiders into their country.  I quietly prayed that he was right.  Even after weeks of training and the total immersion experiences, Nepal was a great unknown. A part of me questioned if my own understandings, beliefs and faith would be strong enough to endure, and I wondered if I would meet the physical demands of this country and my job.  Naively, I did not consider what health risks I was facing.  The World Health Organization’s maps of this area identified the entire country of Nepal as a hotbed of dysentery, disease, and death.  I should have been concerned.
Passing through customs and collecting my luggage, I joined some of the other volunteers in the back of one of a number of large, open-sided trucks. That old, green vehicle had obviously seen much better days, but it was well cared for and was reasonably comfortable. We were strangely silent and acutely aware of the new and strange sounds, sights and smells of the city during the jostling, bumpy trip to our temporary housing.  The route we took was circuitous, winding its way through a labyrinth of narrow, busy streets filled with cars, bikes and people.  Eventually, we arrived at a spacious old mansion only a few blocks north of what I later learned was the King’s Palace.  The other trucks soon arrived and we were ushered into hotel.
At some time in the past, our hotel had been the home of an elite and powerful family. When the government collapsed and royalty had regained power, the huge mansion, along with hundreds of other mansions, was confiscated and adapted for use as a hotel. A crumbling, stone and cement wall encircled the entire estate, and the only entry from the public street was a private drive through a narrow passage.  A pair of rusting metal gates flanked the entrance. Inside the compound, the driveway looped around a central courtyard, past the front doors and back to the entrance. Like many other buildings and hotels in the city, the new owners had modified the structure as much as they could afford to accommodate western style living. When my roommate and I finally entered our assigned room, we realized that the hotel was still very primitive. Bare light bulbs, strange shaped outlets and shuttered windows were some of the amenities we had in our dim, second floor room.  We discovered that could not open the two large windows overlooking the courtyard, and the renovators had converted a small storage closet into a barely functional bathroom. Ornate, gold-colored fixtures chugged out a sad, slow flow of smelly water and the toilet was beyond description.  Our room was wonderfully spacious but discouraging in its austerity and lack of both bath and true privacy.

Other travelers sitting down near me interrupted my reminiscing.  Standing up, I put my hands together and greeted them with “Namaste” before hefting my backpack into place, picking up my walking stick and continuing my journey.  The road was reasonably level for a few hundred feet, but quickly slanted upwards following the natural contours of the hillside.  Terraced plots of land formed a mosaic pattern of steps up the hillside from the cliffs of the Kali Gandaki Gorge to the summits, and the wide walking road narrowed to a well-worn footpath along the edges of the barren fields.

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